<!-- build time:Sun Nov 24 2019 22:25:19 GMT+0800 (China Standard Time) --><!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>KeyStone架构相关概念 - Note?Note!</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"><meta name="description" content="服务(Services)keyStone是在一个或多个端点(Endpoint)上对外开放的已租内部服务组织，这些服务中很多都是以组合的方式供给前端使用。例如，验证动作会调用认证服务去认证用户的凭据，如果成功，就会使用令牌服务返回一个令牌。"><meta name="keywords" content="OpenStack,Department,keystone"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:title" content="KeyStone架构相关概念"><meta property="og:url" content="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.borgor.cn&#x2F;2017-09-12&#x2F;ff1ba62b.html"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Note?Note!"><meta property="og:description" content="服务(Services)keyStone是在一个或多个端点(Endpoint)上对外开放的已租内部服务组织，这些服务中很多都是以组合的方式供给前端使用。例如，验证动作会调用认证服务去认证用户的凭据，如果成功，就会使用令牌服务返回一个令牌。"><meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN"><meta property="og:image" 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alt="KeyStone架构相关概念" height="28"></a></div><div class="navbar-menu"><div class="navbar-start"><a class="navbar-item" href="/">首页</a> <a class="navbar-item" href="/archives">归档</a> <a class="navbar-item" href="/categories">分类</a> <a class="navbar-item" href="/tags">标签</a> <a class="navbar-item" href="/readinglist">书单</a></div><div class="navbar-end"><a class="navbar-item is-hidden-tablet catalogue" title="目录" href="javascript:;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fas fa-list-ul"></i> </a><a class="navbar-item search" title="搜索" href="javascript:;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></a></div></div></div></nav><section class="section"><div class="container"><div class="columns"><div class="column is-8-tablet is-9-desktop is-9-widescreen has-order-2 column-main"><div class="card"><div class="card-image"><span class="image is-7by1"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://imgs.borgor.cn/imgs20190625084529.png" alt="KeyStone架构相关概念"></span></div><div class="card-content article"><div class="level article-meta is-size-7 is-uppercase is-mobile is-overflow-x-auto"><div class="level-left"><time class="level-item has-text-grey" datetime="2017-09-12T03:20:08.000Z">2017-09-12</time><div class="level-item"><a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/categories/Operations/">Operations</a>&nbsp;/&nbsp;<a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/categories/Operations/OpenStack/">OpenStack</a></div><span class="level-item has-text-grey">27 分钟 读完 (大约 4053 个字) </span><span class="level-item has-text-grey" id="busuanzi_container_page_pv"><i class="far fa-eye"></i> <span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv">0</span>次访问</span></div></div><h1 class="title is-size-3 is-size-4-mobile has-text-weight-normal">KeyStone架构相关概念</h1><div class="content"><h1 id="服务-Services"><a href="#服务-Services" class="headerlink" title="服务(Services)"></a>服务(Services)</h1><p>keyStone是在一个或多个端点(<code>Endpoint</code>)上对外开放的已租内部服务组织，这些服务中很多都是以组合的方式供给前端使用。例如，验证动作会调用认证服务去认证用户的凭据，如果成功，就会使用令牌服务返回一个令牌。</p><a id="more"></a><h2 id="身份认证（identity）"><a href="#身份认证（identity）" class="headerlink" title="身份认证（identity）"></a>身份认证（identity）</h2><p>身份认证服务提供对于用户和用户组的认证凭证和数据的验证。在基本情况下，允许它处理与此相关的所有CURD操作。在更复杂的情况下，数据是由一个更加独立的后端服务来管理。例如，认证服务的后端为LDAP时，就会出现这种情况，该情况下，LDAP服务用户提供数据，而认证服务只需要准确的传递信息。</p><p>身份服务提供了对用户和组的身份验证和数据。在基本情况下，该数据由身份服务管理，允许它处理与此数据相关的所有CRUD操作。在更复杂的情况下，数据由一个权威的后端服务来管理。当标识服务充当LDAP的前端时，就会出现这样的情况。在这种情况下，LDAP服务器是真理的来源，身份服务的角色是准确地传递信息。</p><h3 id="用户（Users）"><a href="#用户（Users）" class="headerlink" title="用户（Users）"></a>用户（Users）</h3><p>用户是API的单独使用者，用户必须要属于特定的域。所以，用户名并不需要全局唯一，只需要在域中唯一即可。</p><h3 id="用户组（Groups）"><a href="#用户组（Groups）" class="headerlink" title="用户组（Groups）"></a>用户组（Groups）</h3><p>组是一个用户的容器，一个组必须属于一个特定的域。因此，组的名字也不需要全局唯一，域中唯一即可。</p><h2 id="资源（Resource）"><a href="#资源（Resource）" class="headerlink" title="资源（Resource）"></a>资源（Resource）</h2><p>资源服务提供关于项目和域的数据。</p><h3 id="项目-租户（Projects-Tenants"><a href="#项目-租户（Projects-Tenants" class="headerlink" title="项目/租户（Projects /Tenants)"></a>项目/租户（Projects /Tenants)</h3><p>项目（在v2.0版本以前被称为租户）是一个OpenStack中的基本单元，OpenStack中的所有资源都属于某个特定的项目。项目本身又属于特定的域。同样，项目的名字不需要全局唯一，在域中唯一即可。OpenStack在部署时有一个默认的域，如果创建项目时没有指定域，新创建的项目会被添加到默认域中。</p><h3 id="域（Domains）"><a href="#域（Domains）" class="headerlink" title="域（Domains）"></a>域（Domains）</h3><p>域是一个项目、用户和用户组的高级容器。每种资源都被包含在某个域中。每个域都有一个命名空间，命名空间中有一个API可见的<code>name</code>属性。KeyStone在部署时提供了一个默认的域，名字为<code>Default</code>。</p><p>在身份认证服务v3 版本的API中，名称属性的唯一性如下：</p><ul><li><code>domain</code>，域，全局唯一。</li><li><code>Role Name</code>，角色名称，所属域中唯一。</li><li><code>User Name</code>，用户名，所属域中唯一。</li><li><code>Project Name</code>，项目名，所属域中唯一。</li><li><code>Group Name</code>，组名，所属域中唯一。</li></ul><p>由于上述资源的结构特性，域也可以被用作是OpenStack管理资源的一种方式。如果想要一个域中的用户能够访问其他域中的资源，需要在策略上做一些配置或授权。</p><h2 id="分配（Assignment）"><a href="#分配（Assignment）" class="headerlink" title="分配（Assignment）"></a>分配（Assignment）</h2><p>授权服务提供角色和角色分配的相关操作。</p><h3 id="角色（Roles）"><a href="#角色（Roles）" class="headerlink" title="角色（Roles）"></a>角色（Roles）</h3><p>角色是定义用户等级的方式，规定了用户可以获得的授权级别。角色可以在域或者项目商授权。也可以为单个用户或用户组分配角色。角色的名字在域中唯一。</p><h3 id="角色分配（Role-Assignments"><a href="#角色分配（Role-Assignments" class="headerlink" title="角色分配（Role Assignments)"></a>角色分配（Role Assignments)</h3><p>一个元组，包含角色信息(<code>Role</code>)、资源信息(<code>Resource</code>)和认证信息(<code>Idneity</code>)</p><h2 id="令牌（Token）"><a href="#令牌（Token）" class="headerlink" title="令牌（Token）"></a>令牌（Token）</h2><p>当用户的凭证被验证成功时，会获得一个由令牌服务发放的令牌，用于对用户的请求鉴权。用户验证和管理用户。该令牌由令牌服务统一验证和管理。</p><h2 id="目录（Catalog）"><a href="#目录（Catalog）" class="headerlink" title="目录（Catalog）"></a>目录（Catalog）</h2><p>目录服务提供一种使用端点发现（<code>Endpoint discovery</code>）的方法管理端点注册（<code>endpoint registry</code>）的服务。</p><h2 id="策略（Policy）"><a href="#策略（Policy）" class="headerlink" title="策略（Policy）"></a>策略（Policy）</h2><p>策略服务提供一种基于规则的认证引擎，并且负责这些规则的管理与分配。</p><h1 id="应用结构（Application-Construction"><a href="#应用结构（Application-Construction" class="headerlink" title="应用结构（Application Construction)"></a>应用结构（Application Construction)</h1><p><code>Keystone</code>是一个使用Http作为前端的服务。就像其他OpenStack应用一样，使用Python-Paste模块配置的WSGI接口与应用。应用中的Http端点使用WSGI的pipelines组成，如：</p><figure class="highlight yaml hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="hljs-string">[pipeline:api_v3]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-string">pipeline</span> <span class="hljs-string">=</span> <span class="hljs-string">healthcheck</span> <span class="hljs-string">cors</span> <span class="hljs-string">sizelimit</span> <span class="hljs-string">http_proxy_to_wsgi</span> <span class="hljs-string">osprofiler</span> <span class="hljs-string">url_normalize</span> <span class="hljs-string">request_id</span> <span class="hljs-string">build_auth_context</span> <span class="hljs-string">token_auth</span> <span class="hljs-string">json_body</span> <span class="hljs-string">ec2_extension_v3</span> <span class="hljs-string">s3_extension</span> <span class="hljs-string">service_v3</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>使用 <a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.common.html#keystone.common.wsgi.ComposingRouter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.common.wsgi.ComposingRouter</code></a>的子类的返回结果生成Urls链接到控制端（一个<a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.common.html#keystone.common.wsgi.Application" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.common.wsgi.Application</code></a>的子类)。每个控制端会加载一个或者多个管理器（例如：<a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.catalog.html#keystone.catalog.core.Manager" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.catalog.core.Manager</code></a>），这是一个浅层的包装类，它根据关键配置加载适当的服务驱动程序。</p><ul><li>分配</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.html#keystone.assignment.controllers.GrantAssignmentV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.controllers.GrantAssignmentV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.html#keystone.assignment.controllers.ImpliedRolesV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.controllers.ImpliedRolesV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.html#keystone.assignment.controllers.ProjectAssignmentV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.controllers.ProjectAssignmentV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.html#keystone.assignment.controllers.TenantAssignment" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.controllers.TenantAssignment</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.html#keystone.assignment.controllers.Role" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.controllers.Role</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.html#keystone.assignment.controllers.RoleAssignmentV2" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.controllers.RoleAssignmentV2</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.html#keystone.assignment.controllers.RoleAssignmentV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.controllers.RoleAssignmentV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.html#keystone.assignment.controllers.RoleV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.controllers.RoleV3</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>认证</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.auth.html#keystone.auth.controllers.Auth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.auth.controllers.Auth</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>目录</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.catalog.html#keystone.catalog.controllers.EndpointFilterV3Controller" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.catalog.controllers.EndpointFilterV3Controller</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.catalog.html#keystone.catalog.controllers.EndpointGroupV3Controller" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.catalog.controllers.EndpointGroupV3Controller</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.catalog.html#keystone.catalog.controllers.EndpointV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.catalog.controllers.EndpointV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.catalog.html#keystone.catalog.controllers.ProjectEndpointGroupV3Controller" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.catalog.controllers.ProjectEndpointGroupV3Controller</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.catalog.html#keystone.catalog.controllers.RegionV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.catalog.controllers.RegionV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.catalog.html#keystone.catalog.controllers.ServiceV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.catalog.controllers.ServiceV3</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>凭证</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.contrib.ec2.html#keystone.contrib.ec2.controllers.Ec2ControllerV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.contrib.ec2.controllers.Ec2ControllerV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.credential.html#keystone.credential.controllers.CredentialV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.credential.controllers.CredentialV3</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>联结</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.federation.html#keystone.federation.controllers.IdentityProvider" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.federation.controllers.IdentityProvider</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.federation.html#keystone.federation.controllers.FederationProtocol" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.federation.controllers.FederationProtocol</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.federation.html#keystone.federation.controllers.MappingController" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.federation.controllers.MappingController</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.federation.html#keystone.federation.controllers.ServiceProvider" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.federation.controllers.ServiceProvider</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.federation.html#keystone.federation.controllers.SAMLMetadataV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.federation.controllers.SAMLMetadataV3</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>身份认证</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.identity.html#keystone.identity.controllers.GroupV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.identity.controllers.GroupV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.identity.html#keystone.identity.controllers.UserV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.identity.controllers.UserV3</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>策略</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.policy.html#keystone.policy.controllers.PolicyV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.policy.controllers.PolicyV3</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>资源</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.resource.html#keystone.resource.controllers.DomainV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.resource.controllers.DomainV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.resource.html#keystone.resource.controllers.DomainConfigV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.resource.controllers.DomainConfigV3</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.resource.html#keystone.resource.controllers.ProjectV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.resource.controllers.ProjectV3</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>撤销</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.revoke.html#keystone.revoke.controllers.RevokeController" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.revoke.controllers.RevokeController</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><ul><li>信任</li></ul><blockquote><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.trust.html#keystone.trust.controllers.TrustV3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.trust.controllers.TrustV3</code></a></li></ul></blockquote><h1 id="服务后端（Service-Backends）"><a href="#服务后端（Service-Backends）" class="headerlink" title="服务后端（Service Backends）"></a>服务后端（Service Backends）</h1><p>后端服务可以通过配置允许Keystone适应不同的环境与需求。每个服务的后端驱动可以在<code>keystone.conf</code>配置文件中相应服务的分组中使用关键字<code>driver</code>定义。</p><p>每个后端都存在一个通用类，为任何实现提供一个抽象基类，并标识预期的服务实现。抽象基类存储在服务的后端目录中，如<code>base.py</code>。相应的服务驱动程序是:</p><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.backends.html#keystone.assignment.backends.base.AssignmentDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.backends.base.AssignmentDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.assignment.role_backends.html#keystone.assignment.role_backends.base.RoleDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.assignment.role_backends.base.RoleDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.auth.plugins.html#keystone.auth.plugins.base.AuthMethodHandler" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.auth.plugins.base.AuthMethodHandler</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.catalog.backends.html#keystone.catalog.backends.base.CatalogDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.catalog.backends.base.CatalogDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.credential.backends.html#keystone.credential.backends.base.CredentialDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.credential.backends.base.CredentialDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.endpoint_policy.backends.html#keystone.endpoint_policy.backends.base.EndpointPolicyDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.endpoint_policy.backends.base.EndpointPolicyDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.federation.backends.html#keystone.federation.backends.base.FederationDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.federation.backends.base.FederationDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.identity.backends.html#keystone.identity.backends.base.IdentityDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.identity.backends.base.IdentityDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.identity.mapping_backends.html#keystone.identity.mapping_backends.base.MappingDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.identity.mapping_backends.base.MappingDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.identity.shadow_backends.html#keystone.identity.shadow_backends.base.ShadowUsersDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.identity.shadow_backends.base.ShadowUsersDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.oauth1.backends.html#keystone.oauth1.backends.base.Oauth1DriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.oauth1.backends.base.Oauth1DriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.policy.backends.html#keystone.policy.backends.base.PolicyDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.policy.backends.base.PolicyDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.resource.backends.html#keystone.resource.backends.base.ResourceDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.resource.backends.base.ResourceDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.resource.config_backends.html#keystone.resource.config_backends.base.DomainConfigDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.resource.config_backends.base.DomainConfigDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.revoke.backends.html#keystone.revoke.backends.base.RevokeDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.revoke.backends.base.RevokeDriverBase</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.token.providers.html#keystone.token.providers.base.Provider" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.token.providers.base.Provider</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.trust.backends.html#keystone.trust.backends.base.TrustDriverBase" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.trust.backends.base.TrustDriverBase</code></a></li></ul><p>如果您需要实现一个关键服务的后端驱动，应该从上述类中继承。</p><h2 id="模板后端（Templated-Backend）"><a href="#模板后端（Templated-Backend）" class="headerlink" title="模板后端（Templated Backend）"></a>模板后端（Templated Backend）</h2><p>主要是为keystone项目中服务目录的常见用例设计的，模板后端是一个目录后端，它可以扩展预先配置的模板来提供目录数据。</p><p>如：<code>paste.deploy</code> 的配置（使用 <code>$</code> 代替<code>%</code> 避免冲突)</p><figure class="highlight plain hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[DEFAULT]</span><br><span class="line">catalog.RegionOne.identity.publicURL = http://localhost:$(public_port)s/v2.0</span><br><span class="line">catalog.RegionOne.identity.adminURL = http://localhost:$(public_port)s/v2.0</span><br><span class="line">catalog.RegionOne.identity.internalURL = http://localhost:$(public_port)s/v2.0</span><br><span class="line">catalog.RegionOne.identity.name = &apos;Identity Service&apos;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><h1 id="数据模型（Data-Model）"><a href="#数据模型（Data-Model）" class="headerlink" title="数据模型（Data Model）"></a>数据模型（Data Model）</h1><p>Keystone的设计初衷是为了满足多种不同类型的后端。因此，许多方法和数据类型更倾向于接受数据并将这些数据传递到后端，而不是直接处理数据。</p><p>下面是一些主要的数据类型：</p><blockquote><ul><li><strong>User</strong>: 包含账户凭证，会被分配给多个项目或域。</li><li><strong>Group</strong>: 用户的容器，会被分配给一个或多个项目或域。</li><li><strong>Project</strong>: 资源范围单位，包含一个或者多个用户。</li><li><strong>Domain</strong>: 资源范围单位，包含用户、用户组和项目。</li><li><strong>Role</strong>: 与许多用户项目对相关联的一级元数据。</li><li><strong>Token</strong>: 身份认证凭据，分配给用户或者项目。</li><li><strong>Extras</strong>: 关于用户-项目的键值对形式元数据的容器。</li><li><strong>Rule</strong>: 用于描述用户操作时的一些需求。</li></ul></blockquote><p>当通用数据模型允许用户和用户组到项目和域的多对多关系时，对后端实现会有不同程度的优势。</p><h1 id="CURD方法（Approach-to-CRUD）"><a href="#CURD方法（Approach-to-CRUD）" class="headerlink" title="CURD方法（Approach to CRUD）"></a>CURD方法（Approach to CRUD）</h1><p>虽然在大型公司的生产环境中会使用自身的用户与用户组，但是为了开发和测试，Keystone还是体用的关于用户与用户在的CURD操作方法。</p><p>CURD操作应该被当做一种针对核心功能的扩展或者附加功能，因为它不需要后台的支持。如果后端不需要CURD操作，会提升<a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.html#keystone.exception.NotImplemented" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.exception.NotImplemented</code></a>的性能。</p><h1 id="鉴权方法（Approach-to-Authorization-Policy"><a href="#鉴权方法（Approach-to-Authorization-Policy" class="headerlink" title="鉴权方法（Approach to Authorization/Policy)"></a>鉴权方法（Approach to Authorization/Policy)</h1><p>用户能否访问系统中的各种组件并进行操作，需要根据用户授权而决定。</p><p>对于keystone来说，只需要检查几层授权就可以了:</p><blockquote><ul><li>要求执行的用户被认为是管理员。</li><li>用户权限与用户执行的操作匹配。</li></ul></blockquote><p>希望使用策略引擎以外的其他检查方式，需要编写自定义的后端。在默认情况下，keystone利用<code>oslo.policy</code>维护其策略。</p><h2 id="规则（Rules）"><a href="#规则（Rules）" class="headerlink" title="规则（Rules）"></a>规则（Rules）</h2><p>给出一个匹配列表并且对其进行检查期凭证是否匹配。如：</p><figure class="highlight yaml hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="hljs-string">credentials</span> <span class="hljs-string">=</span> <span class="hljs-string">&#123;'user_id':</span> <span class="hljs-string">'foo'</span><span class="hljs-string">,</span> <span class="hljs-string">'is_admin'</span><span class="hljs-string">:</span> <span class="hljs-number">1</span><span class="hljs-string">,</span> <span class="hljs-string">'roles'</span><span class="hljs-string">:</span> <span class="hljs-string">['nova:netadmin']&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-comment"># An admin only call:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-string">policy_api.enforce(('is_admin:1',),</span> <span class="hljs-string">credentials)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-comment"># An admin or owner call:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-string">policy_api.enforce(('is_admin:1',</span> <span class="hljs-string">'user_id:foo'</span><span class="hljs-string">),</span> <span class="hljs-string">credentials)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-comment"># A netadmin call:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-string">policy_api.enforce(('roles:nova:netadmin',),</span> <span class="hljs-string">credentials)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>凭证生成后存储在认证API的<code>extras</code>中的用户元数据中。所以，如果要给用户添加一个角色，是需要将角色信息添加到用户的元数据中。</p><h2 id="RBAC能力（Capability-RBAC）"><a href="#RBAC能力（Capability-RBAC）" class="headerlink" title="RBAC能力（Capability RBAC）"></a>RBAC能力（Capability RBAC）</h2><blockquote><p>还未被实现</p></blockquote><p>另一种实现鉴权的方式是基于行为的，通过一个包含允许动作的角色。如：</p><figure class="highlight python hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">credentials = &#123;<span class="hljs-string">'user_id'</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'foo'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'is_admin'</span>: <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'roles'</span>: [<span class="hljs-string">'nova:netadmin'</span>]&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-comment"># add a policy</span></span><br><span class="line">policy_api.add_policy(<span class="hljs-string">'action:nova:add_network'</span>, (<span class="hljs-string">'roles:nova:netadmin'</span>,))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">policy_api.enforce((<span class="hljs-string">'action:nova:add_network'</span>,), credentials)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>在后端，会查找名为<code>action:nova:addnetwork</code>的策略，然后执行有“简单匹配”来匹配凭证。</p><h1 id="认证方法（Approach-to-Authentication）"><a href="#认证方法（Approach-to-Authentication）" class="headerlink" title="认证方法（Approach to Authentication）"></a>认证方法（Approach to Authentication）</h1><p>keystone使用 <a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.auth.plugins.html#module-keystone.auth.plugins.base" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.auth.plugins.base</code></a>提供了几种鉴权插件，如下：</p><ul><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.auth.plugins.html#keystone.auth.plugins.external.Base" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.auth.plugins.external.Base</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.auth.plugins.html#keystone.auth.plugins.mapped.Mapped" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.auth.plugins.mapped.Mapped</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.auth.plugins.html#keystone.auth.plugins.oauth1.OAuth" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.auth.plugins.oauth1.OAuth</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.auth.plugins.html#keystone.auth.plugins.password.Password" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.auth.plugins.password.Password</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.auth.plugins.html#keystone.auth.plugins.token.Token" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.auth.plugins.token.Token</code></a></li><li><a href="https://docs.openstack.org/keystone/pike/api/keystone.auth.plugins.html#keystone.auth.plugins.totp.TOTP" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>keystone.auth.plugins.totp.TOTP</code></a></li></ul><p>最基础的插件是<code>password</code>，需要提供两块内容： <code>Resource</code>和<code>Identity</code>信息。</p><p>如果使用下列信息作为认证凭据提交（Post方式）：</p><figure class="highlight json hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="hljs-attr">"auth"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="hljs-attr">"identity"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="hljs-attr">"methods"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="hljs-string">"password"</span></span><br><span class="line">            ],</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="hljs-attr">"password"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="hljs-attr">"user"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="hljs-attr">"id"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"0ca8f6"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="hljs-attr">"password"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"secretsecret"</span></span><br><span class="line">                &#125;</span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="hljs-attr">"scope"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="hljs-attr">"project"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="hljs-attr">"id"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"263fd9"</span></span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>意味着一个用户(ID 为 0ca8f6) 尝试获取一个具有项目（ID 为 263fd9）授权的令牌。</p><p>如果要将ID换做名称来调用，则需要提供相应的域信息。这是因为用户名仅在指定的域中才唯一，但是整个部署过程中，用户的ID是全局唯一的。所以，凭证就变成了下面这个样子：</p><figure class="highlight json hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="hljs-attr">"auth"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="hljs-attr">"identity"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="hljs-attr">"methods"</span>: [</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="hljs-string">"password"</span></span><br><span class="line">            ],</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="hljs-attr">"password"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="hljs-attr">"user"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="hljs-attr">"domain"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="hljs-attr">"name"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"acme"</span></span><br><span class="line">                    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="hljs-string">"name"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"userA"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="hljs-attr">"password"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"secretsecret"</span></span><br><span class="line">                &#125;</span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="hljs-attr">"scope"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="hljs-attr">"project"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="hljs-attr">"domain"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="hljs-attr">"id"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"1789d1"</span></span><br><span class="line">                &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="hljs-attr">"name"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"project-x"</span></span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>同样，必须要提供域的ID或者域名，才能正确的找到用户与项目。</p><p>如果要使用命令行直接操作，则需要设置一下的环境变量。</p><figure class="highlight shell hljs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="hljs-meta">$</span><span class="hljs-bash"> <span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_ID=1789d1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-meta">$</span><span class="hljs-bash"> <span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> OS_USER_DOMAIN_NAME=acme</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-meta">$</span><span class="hljs-bash"> <span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> OS_USERNAME=userA</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-meta">$</span><span class="hljs-bash"> <span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> OS_PASSWORD=secretsecret</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="hljs-meta">$</span><span class="hljs-bash"> <span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> OS_PROJECT_NAME=project-x</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>值得注意的是，用户尝试要访问的项目必须要和用户在同一域下。</p><h2 id="Scope是什么（What-is-Scope-）"><a href="#Scope是什么（What-is-Scope-）" class="headerlink" title="Scope是什么（What is Scope?）"></a>Scope是什么（What is Scope?）</h2><p><code>Scope</code>是一个重载的术语。</p><p>在提到身份验证时，正如上面所看到的，<code>Scope</code>是指决定用户想要访问的<code>Resource</code>（项目或域）需要作为在POST请求中的一部分提供。</p><p>对于令牌来说，Scope是指令牌的有效范围，一个Scope令牌只针对最初授权的项目有用。Scope令牌可以用来执行关于授权于的相关操作。</p><p>对于用户、用户组和项目来说，Scope通常指的是实体范围，如，某个域的用户其权限就是该个域。</p><div><h1>推荐文章<span style="font-size:.45em;color:gray">（由<a href="https://github.com/huiwang/hexo-recommended-posts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hexo文章推荐插件</a>驱动）</span></h1><ul><li><a href="http://www.borgor.cn/2018-07-10/85ee5d93.html">OpenStack组件介绍</a></li><li><a href="http://www.borgor.cn/2018-07-03/be5e5dbe.html">Tempest -- OpenStack 集成测试套件</a></li><li><a href="http://www.borgor.cn/2018-07-02/33fbe266.html">Horizon的登录过程</a></li></ul></div><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/kity@2.0.4/dist/kity.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/kityminder-core@1.4.50/dist/kityminder.core.min.js"></script><script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/hexo-simple-mindmap@0.2.0/dist/mindmap.min.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/hexo-simple-mindmap@0.2.0/dist/mindmap.min.css"></div><div class="level is-size-7 is-uppercase"><div class="level-start"><div class="level-item"><span class="is-size-6 has-text-grey has-mr-7">#</span> <a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/tags/Department/" rel="tag">Department</a>, <a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/tags/OpenStack/" rel="tag">OpenStack</a>, <a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/tags/keystone/" rel="tag">keystone</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="card"><div class="card-content"><h3 class="menu-label has-text-centered">喜欢这篇文章？打赏一下作者吧</h3><div class="buttons is-centered"><a class="button is-info donate"><span class="icon is-small"><i class="fab fa-alipay"></i> </span><span>支付宝</span><div class="qrcode"><img src="https://imgs.borgor.cn/imgs20190628231540.png" alt="支付宝"></div></a><a class="button is-success donate"><span class="icon is-small"><i class="fab fa-weixin"></i> </span><span>微信</span><div class="qrcode"><img src="https://imgs.borgor.cn/imgs20190628231554.png" alt="微信"></div></a></div></div></div><div class="card card-transparent"><div class="level post-navigation is-flex-wrap is-mobile"><div class="level-start"><a class="level level-item has-link-grey article-nav-prev" href="/2017-09-14/2bb48a1b.html"><i class="level-item fas fa-chevron-left"></i> <span class="level-item">Keystone=API中的策略与规则映射表</span></a></div><div class="level-end"><a class="level level-item has-link-grey article-nav-next" href="/2017-09-11/92740aa.html"><span class="level-item">Identity API v3 (CURRENT)(五)</span> <i class="level-item fas fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div></div></div><div class="card"><div class="card-content"><h3 class="title is-5 has-text-weight-normal">评论</h3><div id="valine-thread" class="content"></div><script src="//cdn1.lncld.net/static/js/3.0.4/av-min.js"></script><script src="//unpkg.com/valine/dist/Valine.min.js"></script><script>new Valine({el:"#valine-thread",notify:!1,verify:!1,app_id:"ybhyfHG9S4TQhIvstdj5pprw-gzGzoHsz",app_key:"ob8A13IBceQXqd8g92nUgNMx",placeholder:"你有想说的么？"})</script></div></div></div><div class="column is-4-tablet is-3-desktop is-3-widescreen has-order-1 column-left"><div class="card widget"><div class="card-content"><nav class="level"><div class="level-item has-text-centered"><div><figure class="image is-128x128 has-mb-6"><img class="is-rounded" 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href="https://github.com/cyrusky"><i class="fab fa-github"></i></a></div></div></div><div class="card widget" id="toc"><div class="card-content"><div class="menu"><h3 class="menu-label">目录</h3><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#服务-Services"><span class="has-mr-6">1</span> <span>服务(Services)</span></a><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#身份认证（identity）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.1</span> <span>身份认证（identity）</span></a><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#用户（Users）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.1.1</span> <span>用户（Users）</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#用户组（Groups）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.1.2</span> <span>用户组（Groups）</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#资源（Resource）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.2</span> <span>资源（Resource）</span></a><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#项目-租户（Projects-Tenants"><span class="has-mr-6">1.2.1</span> <span>项目/租户（Projects /Tenants)</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#域（Domains）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.2.2</span> <span>域（Domains）</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#分配（Assignment）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.3</span> <span>分配（Assignment）</span></a><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#角色（Roles）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.3.1</span> <span>角色（Roles）</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#角色分配（Role-Assignments"><span class="has-mr-6">1.3.2</span> <span>角色分配（Role Assignments)</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#令牌（Token）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.4</span> <span>令牌（Token）</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#目录（Catalog）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.5</span> <span>目录（Catalog）</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#策略（Policy）"><span class="has-mr-6">1.6</span> <span>策略（Policy）</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#应用结构（Application-Construction"><span class="has-mr-6">2</span> <span>应用结构（Application Construction)</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#服务后端（Service-Backends）"><span class="has-mr-6">3</span> <span>服务后端（Service Backends）</span></a><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#模板后端（Templated-Backend）"><span class="has-mr-6">3.1</span> <span>模板后端（Templated Backend）</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#数据模型（Data-Model）"><span class="has-mr-6">4</span> <span>数据模型（Data Model）</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#CURD方法（Approach-to-CRUD）"><span class="has-mr-6">5</span> <span>CURD方法（Approach to CRUD）</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#鉴权方法（Approach-to-Authorization-Policy"><span class="has-mr-6">6</span> <span>鉴权方法（Approach to Authorization/Policy)</span></a><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#规则（Rules）"><span class="has-mr-6">6.1</span> <span>规则（Rules）</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#RBAC能力（Capability-RBAC）"><span class="has-mr-6">6.2</span> <span>RBAC能力（Capability RBAC）</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#认证方法（Approach-to-Authentication）"><span class="has-mr-6">7</span> <span>认证方法（Approach to Authentication）</span></a><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#Scope是什么（What-is-Scope-）"><span class="has-mr-6">7.1</span> <span>Scope是什么（What is Scope?）</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#undefined"><span class="has-mr-6">8</span> <span>推荐文章（由hexo文章推荐插件驱动）</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="card widget"><div class="card-content"><div class="menu"><h3 class="menu-label">分类</h3><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">AI</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">20</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/Machine-Learning/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Machine Learning</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">6</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/Mathematics/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Mathematics</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">9</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/NLP/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">NLP</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%E6%8E%A8%E5%AF%BC/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">公式推导</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">4</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/CheatSheets/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">CheatSheets</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">4</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">DevOps</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">8</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/Anti-patterns/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Anti-patterns</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/Concept/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Concept</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">3</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/Continuous-Delivery/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Continuous Delivery</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">2</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/TeamWorks/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">TeamWorks</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/Testing/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Testing</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Development</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">33</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/Integrated/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Integrated</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/JavaScript/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">JavaScript</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">18</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/Native/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Native</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">2</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/Python/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Python</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">9</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/React/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">React</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">2</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/html5/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">html5</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Operations/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Operations</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">18</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Operations/Nginx/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Nginx</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Operations/OpenStack/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">OpenStack</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">14</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Operations/System/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">System</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">3</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Reading-Writing/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Reading&Writing</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">3</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Reading-Writing/Hexo/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Hexo</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">2</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Reading-Writing/LaTeX/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">LaTeX</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="card widget"><div class="card-content"><h3 class="menu-label">标签云</h3><a href="/tags/Agile/" style="font-size:10px">Agile</a> <a href="/tags/Angularjs/" style="font-size:11.11px">Angularjs</a> <a href="/tags/Animation/" style="font-size:10px">Animation</a> <a href="/tags/Application/" style="font-size:10px">Application</a> <a href="/tags/Artificial-Intelligence/" style="font-size:10px">Artificial Intelligence</a> <a href="/tags/BP/" style="font-size:10px">BP</a> <a href="/tags/Bokeh/" style="font-size:10px">Bokeh</a> <a href="/tags/Book/" style="font-size:10px">Book</a> <a href="/tags/C4-5/" style="font-size:10px">C4.5</a> <a href="/tags/CART/" style="font-size:10px">CART</a> <a href="/tags/CD/" style="font-size:10px">CD</a> <a href="/tags/CLI/" style="font-size:10px">CLI</a> <a href="/tags/CSS/" style="font-size:10px">CSS</a> <a href="/tags/CentOS/" style="font-size:11.11px">CentOS</a> <a href="/tags/Cinder/" style="font-size:10px">Cinder</a> <a href="/tags/Clipboardjs/" style="font-size:10px">Clipboardjs</a> <a href="/tags/Concept/" style="font-size:10px">Concept</a> <a href="/tags/Continuous-Delivery/" style="font-size:10px">Continuous Delivery</a> <a href="/tags/DeepLearning/" style="font-size:16.67px">DeepLearning</a> <a href="/tags/Department/" style="font-size:11.11px">Department</a> <a href="/tags/DevOps/" style="font-size:17.78px">DevOps</a> <a href="/tags/Develop/" style="font-size:13.33px">Develop</a> <a href="/tags/Development/" style="font-size:20px">Development</a> <a href="/tags/Directive/" style="font-size:10px">Directive</a> <a href="/tags/Distribution/" style="font-size:10px">Distribution</a> <a href="/tags/Django/" style="font-size:12.22px">Django</a> <a href="/tags/Document/" style="font-size:10px">Document</a> <a href="/tags/ES5/" style="font-size:10px">ES5</a> <a href="/tags/ES6/" style="font-size:10px">ES6</a> <a href="/tags/Echarts/" style="font-size:10px">Echarts</a> <a href="/tags/Engine/" style="font-size:10px">Engine</a> <a href="/tags/Entropy/" style="font-size:10px">Entropy</a> <a href="/tags/Filter/" style="font-size:10px">Filter</a> <a href="/tags/Front-End/" style="font-size:10px">Front End</a> <a href="/tags/Gallery/" style="font-size:10px">Gallery</a> <a href="/tags/Git/" style="font-size:10px">Git</a> <a href="/tags/Gradient-descent/" style="font-size:10px">Gradient descent</a> <a href="/tags/Hexo/" style="font-size:12.22px">Hexo</a> <a href="/tags/Horizon/" style="font-size:10px">Horizon</a> <a href="/tags/ID3-5/" style="font-size:10px">ID3.5</a> <a href="/tags/Icarus/" style="font-size:10px">Icarus</a> <a href="/tags/JavaScript/" style="font-size:18.89px">JavaScript</a> <a href="/tags/Javascript/" style="font-size:11.11px">Javascript</a> <a href="/tags/KVM/" style="font-size:10px">KVM</a> <a href="/tags/LaTeX/" style="font-size:10px">LaTeX</a> <a href="/tags/LibreOffice/" style="font-size:10px">LibreOffice</a> <a href="/tags/Linux/" style="font-size:10px">Linux</a> <a href="/tags/Machine-Learning/" style="font-size:11.11px">Machine Learning</a> <a href="/tags/Matrix/" style="font-size:10px">Matrix</a> <a href="/tags/MiddleWare/" style="font-size:10px">MiddleWare</a> <a href="/tags/Module/" style="font-size:10px">Module</a> <a href="/tags/Network/" style="font-size:10px">Network</a> <a href="/tags/Nginx/" style="font-size:10px">Nginx</a> <a href="/tags/NodeJS/" style="font-size:11.11px">NodeJS</a> <a href="/tags/OOP/" style="font-size:10px">OOP</a> <a href="/tags/OpenStack/" style="font-size:17.78px">OpenStack</a> <a href="/tags/OpenStackApi/" style="font-size:14.44px">OpenStackApi</a> <a href="/tags/Operations/" style="font-size:10px">Operations</a> <a href="/tags/Oprations/" style="font-size:11.11px">Oprations</a> <a href="/tags/PDF/" style="font-size:10px">PDF</a> <a href="/tags/Pipline/" style="font-size:10px">Pipline</a> <a href="/tags/Probability/" style="font-size:12.22px">Probability</a> <a href="/tags/Python/" style="font-size:15.56px">Python</a> <a href="/tags/React/" style="font-size:11.11px">React</a> <a href="/tags/Relational-algebra/" style="font-size:10px">Relational algebra</a> <a href="/tags/Restful/" style="font-size:10px">Restful</a> <a href="/tags/Route/" style="font-size:10px">Route</a> <a href="/tags/SVD/" style="font-size:10px">SVD</a> <a href="/tags/SVM/" style="font-size:11.11px">SVM</a> <a href="/tags/Scalar/" style="font-size:10px">Scalar</a> <a href="/tags/Sigmoid/" style="font-size:10px">Sigmoid</a> <a href="/tags/Team/" style="font-size:10px">Team</a> <a href="/tags/Tempest/" style="font-size:10px">Tempest</a> <a href="/tags/Tensor/" style="font-size:10px">Tensor</a> <a href="/tags/Testing/" style="font-size:10px">Testing</a> <a href="/tags/Time/" style="font-size:10px">Time</a> <a href="/tags/TimeMachine/" style="font-size:10px">TimeMachine</a> <a href="/tags/Tips/" style="font-size:10px">Tips</a> <a href="/tags/Vector/" style="font-size:10px">Vector</a> <a href="/tags/Vmware/" style="font-size:10px">Vmware</a> <a href="/tags/Vue/" style="font-size:17.78px">Vue</a> <a href="/tags/Vuex/" style="font-size:10px">Vuex</a> <a href="/tags/WSGI/" style="font-size:10px">WSGI</a> <a href="/tags/Web/" style="font-size:10px">Web</a> <a href="/tags/Word-Cut/" style="font-size:10px">Word Cut</a> <a href="/tags/aliyun/" style="font-size:10px">aliyun</a> <a href="/tags/auth/" style="font-size:10px">auth</a> <a href="/tags/babel/" style="font-size:10px">babel</a> <a href="/tags/certbot/" style="font-size:10px">certbot</a> <a href="/tags/decision-tree/" style="font-size:10px">decision tree</a> <a href="/tags/homebrew/" style="font-size:10px">homebrew</a> <a href="/tags/jwt/" style="font-size:10px">jwt</a> <a href="/tags/keystone/" style="font-size:11.11px">keystone</a> <a href="/tags/loader/" style="font-size:10px">loader</a> <a href="/tags/mathematics/" style="font-size:11.11px">mathematics</a> <a href="/tags/migrate/" style="font-size:10px">migrate</a> <a href="/tags/openstack/" style="font-size:10px">openstack</a> <a href="/tags/pdf2html/" style="font-size:10px">pdf2html</a> <a href="/tags/pm2/" style="font-size:10px">pm2</a> <a href="/tags/singular-value-decomposition/" style="font-size:10px">singular value decomposition</a> <a href="/tags/vue-router/" style="font-size:11.11px">vue-router</a> <a href="/tags/vue-ssr/" style="font-size:10px">vue-ssr</a> <a href="/tags/webpack/" 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